Type: Academic

Produced primarily for scholars, advanced students, and pastors seeking rigorous engagement with critical issues. Includes extensive interaction with the biblical languages, secondary literature, and theological debate; prioritises research and documentation over readability or direct application.

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Psalms

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholarsUse with caution
5.8
Author: J. Clinton McCann Jr.
Bible Book: Psalms
Series: New Interpreter's Bible
Type: Academic
Publisher: Abingdon Press
Theological Perspective: Non-Evangelical / Critical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

This commentary offers an academically oriented engagement with the Psalms, focusing on form, function, and theological themes as they appear in the canonical collection. It is written for advanced readers and interacts with critical scholarship. It can offer many helpful observations about structure and genre, while requiring discernment for those committed to a confessional approach to Scripture.

Strengths

A key strength is its attention to the diversity of the Psalter. The commentary often helps the reader identify genres, rhetorical moves, and the way different psalms function in worship and community life. It can be helpful for teaching, because it pushes beyond treating the Psalms as a flat collection of inspirational lines. It also often notes patterns of repetition and thematic clustering, which can support preaching through selected groups of psalms or through larger sections of the book.

Another strength is its engagement with interpretive questions. The Psalms invite discussion about authorship traditions, editorial shaping, and the relationship between individual psalms and the larger canon. The commentary can help you understand what different scholarly claims imply and where the debates sit. For advanced students, this can sharpen critical thinking and guard against naive readings.

The volume also provides many textual and structural observations that can support sermon preparation, especially when you need help in outlining the movement of a psalm, identifying the central petition or praise, and explaining key images.

Limitations

The limitations lie in theological posture and preaching focus. The commentary is not designed to drive Christ centred proclamation, so it may not help the preacher connect the Psalms to Christ and to the new covenant in a way that is both faithful and pastorally satisfying. A Reformed reader will want to keep the Psalms within the canonical storyline and to read them as the prayers of the Messiah and his people. This commentary may not share that instinct.

There is also the risk that critical frameworks can shape conclusions too strongly. At times, discussion of development and editorial theory can dominate. Pastors may find this less directly useful for weekly preaching, though it can still inform background understanding.

How We Would Use It

We would use it to check genre, structure, and interpretive questions, especially when working on a difficult psalm or teaching a course on the Psalter. We would pair it with more confessionally faithful resources that offer stronger Christ centred synthesis and clearer pastoral application. We would also keep the immediate psalm context and the wider Psalter context central, rather than allowing speculative reconstructions to steer the reading.

Closing Recommendation

For advanced students, this is a useful scholarly supplement on the Psalms, particularly for form and structure. Use with caution, and ensure that the church’s reading of the Psalms in Christ governs the final shape of your preaching and teaching.

Job

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholarsUse with caution
5.8
Author: Carol A. Newsom
Bible Book: Job
Series: New Interpreter's Bible
Type: Academic
Publisher: Abingdon Press
Theological Perspective: Non-Evangelical / Critical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

This commentary on Job is a serious academic engagement with one of Scripture’s most demanding books. It is attentive to poetic artistry, rhetorical movement, and the theological questions that Job raises about suffering, justice, and the knowledge of God. The perspective is critical rather than confessional, but the work contains substantial insight for advanced students who are willing to read with discernment.

Strengths

The primary strength lies in close reading of the poetry. Job requires patient attention to argument, metaphor, and tone. The commentary often helps the reader follow the shifts in voice and the internal logic of speeches. It can be especially helpful for tracking how Job’s protest develops, how the friends argue, and where the text exposes the limits of their reasoning. For preachers, that can be valuable, because careless summarising can flatten the drama of the book.

Another strength is its engagement with the theological tensions of Job. The commentary often frames questions clearly and shows how different readings attempt to resolve them. Even if you do not agree with all the conclusions, the discussion can help you avoid simplistic answers and can push you toward more faithful preaching. It can also provide background orientation, including the ancient Near Eastern context and the wider wisdom tradition, which can be useful when teaching the book to thoughtful congregations.

The volume is also helpful for identifying literary structure. Job is not merely a collection of speeches. It has movement, escalation, and a carefully shaped conclusion. The commentary often helps readers see those patterns.

Limitations

The main limitation is that critical assumptions can sometimes control the reading. A Reformed reader will want to keep the book as Scripture, not only as literature, and to treat the final form as authoritative. There is also limited explicit guidance toward Christ centred proclamation. Job has deep connections to the wider biblical story of righteous suffering and the need for a mediator, but this commentary will not naturally press those themes toward Christ.

Another limitation is pastoral immediacy. The writing is analytical and can feel removed from the lived experience of suffering. Pastors will likely want another resource that helps with sensitive application and with speaking gospel comfort to the afflicted.

How We Would Use It

We would use this as a careful exegesis aid, particularly on the poetry, metaphors, and argument structure. We would sift its insights, then bring them under a confessionally faithful doctrine of Scripture and providence. For preaching, we would pair it with pastoral and biblical theological resources that help connect Job to the gospel and to the church’s hope.

Closing Recommendation

This is a valuable academic resource for advanced students of Job, especially for literary and poetic analysis. Use with caution, and ensure that Christian proclamation, not critical reconstruction, sets the agenda for how the book is taught.

Esther

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholarsUse with caution
5.6
Author: Sidnie White Crawford
Bible Book: Esther
Series: New Interpreter's Bible
Type: Academic
Publisher: Abingdon Press
Theological Perspective: Non-Evangelical / Critical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

This commentary offers an academic reading of Esther, treating it as a carefully crafted narrative shaped by questions of identity, power, and providence. It is written for advanced readers and engages critical discussion alongside close reading. The work can be useful for sharpening literary observation and for mapping interpretive debates, though it is not written from a confessionally evangelical standpoint.

Strengths

The most obvious strength is literary sensitivity. Esther is a book where narrative technique matters, and the commentary often helps the reader see how irony, reversal, timing, and character portrayal work together. It can train a student to read the story with more care, noticing signals that are easy to miss. That is valuable for teaching and preaching, because a faithful sermon on Esther needs to honour the way the story is told.

Another strength is engagement with interpretive questions. The commentary often addresses issues such as genre, historical setting, and the varied reception of Esther within Jewish and Christian tradition. Even if you do not share all the assumptions, the discussion can help you anticipate questions that attentive listeners may raise. The notes can also help locate the narrative within its wider world, clarifying social practices and court dynamics that otherwise remain opaque.

The volume also provides a steady stream of detail that can support lesson planning. If you are preparing a teaching series, it can help you collect observations and shape a sense of the narrative arc.

Limitations

The principal limitation is theological distance. The commentary is not focused on the book as Christian Scripture within the canon. It may treat providence and theological purpose as narrative devices rather than as the living God’s sovereign care. A Reformed preacher will need to bring a robust doctrine of providence and a canonical lens to the text. It also does not press toward Christ centred fulfilment. Esther requires careful handling within the wider storyline, and this commentary will not do that work for you.

Another limitation is pastoral usefulness. The work is not designed to guide application, and it can remain at the level of analysis. It is best used as a scholarly supplement rather than a primary preaching companion.

How We Would Use It

We would use it to strengthen literary reading and to check interpretive debates, especially when preparing to teach Esther in depth. We would keep the sermon shape anchored in the text, then use more explicitly theological resources to connect Esther to the covenant story, the preservation of the people of God, and the hope of Christ.

Closing Recommendation

For advanced students, this is a useful academic companion for Esther, especially for literary and historical questions. Use with caution, and ensure that a confessionally faithful framework governs your final interpretation and proclamation.

Ezra And Nehemiah

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholarsUse with caution
5.7
Author: Ralph W. Klein
Bible Book: Ezra Nehemiah
Series: New Interpreter's Bible
Type: Academic
Publisher: Abingdon Press
Theological Perspective: Non-Evangelical / Critical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

This volume offers an academic commentary on Ezra and Nehemiah, treating them as texts shaped to address a post exile community negotiating identity, worship, and public faithfulness. The work is rooted in critical scholarship and is aimed at advanced readers. It provides careful engagement with narrative movement, historical setting, and theological themes, though its instincts are not explicitly confessional.

Strengths

The commentary is particularly helpful for orienting the reader to the world of Ezra and Nehemiah. It highlights the pressures of rebuilding, the complexity of community formation, and the significance of temple and Torah in shaping the people’s life. For those who preach these books, it can help prevent shallow readings that reduce the narrative to leadership tips. The notes often show how the text is making claims about worship, holiness, and the cost of covenant identity.

A second strength is the discussion of structure and units. Ezra and Nehemiah can feel episodic, but the commentary works to show the coherence of the narrative and the way the themes develop. It is attentive to repeated motifs such as prayer, opposition, public reading of Scripture, and the rebuilding of community boundaries. This can help teachers trace the logic of the book across chapters, rather than treating each scene in isolation.

The commentary also engages interpretive problems with care. It often lays out options, notes the evidence, and explains why different scholars take different positions. Even when you do not agree, this can clarify what questions you need to resolve for responsible exposition.

Limitations

The main limitation is the interpretive posture. At times the commentary may lean heavily on reconstruction and may present hypothetical compositional history with more confidence than the text itself warrants. A Reformed reader will want to keep Scripture’s final form and its divine authority central. Another limitation is that there is limited help for gospel focused proclamation. The work can describe themes, but it does not naturally move toward Christ centred fulfilment, nor does it consistently press toward church facing application.

It is also not the most time efficient tool. The discussion is academic and can be slow, especially if you are using it for weekly sermon preparation.

How We Would Use It

We would use it as a reference for background, structure, and interpretive questions, especially when preparing to teach Ezra and Nehemiah in a sustained way. We would take its observations, then test them closely against the text and the immediate context. For preaching, we would pair it with a more explicitly theological commentary and with biblical theological work that keeps the covenant storyline and Christ in view.

Closing Recommendation

For advanced students, this can be a helpful scholarly supplement on Ezra and Nehemiah. It offers many clarifying observations and can deepen understanding of the post exile context and themes. Use with caution, and ensure that confessionally faithful resources shape your final preaching and application.

2 Chronicles

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholarsUse with caution
5.6
Author: Leslie C. Allen
Bible Book: 2 Chronicles
Series: New Interpreter's Bible
Type: Academic
Publisher: Abingdon Press
Theological Perspective: Non-Evangelical / Critical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

This commentary continues an academic treatment of Chronicles with sustained attention to narrative design and theological purpose. It is written for readers who can engage critically with interpretive options and who want a detailed account of the Chronicler’s distinctive message. The method is not confessional, but the work can still be mined for careful observations and for help in understanding the book’s structure and emphases.

Strengths

One clear strength is its focus on the Chronicler’s craft. 2 Chronicles is shaped to teach the post exile community, and the commentary often shows how selection, omission, and emphasis serve that purpose. It helps the reader notice repeated patterns in the evaluation of kings, the prominence of worship and temple life, and the way repentance and restoration are framed. This can be particularly helpful for preaching, since it encourages the reader to see more than a sequence of historical episodes.

Another strength is the commentary’s handling of difficult sections. Where the narrative assumes knowledge of cultic practice or ancient political realities, the notes often provide clarification. It also offers interpretive discussion that can help advanced students locate their own reading within broader scholarship. Even when you disagree, you are forced to think more carefully about the text’s signals and aims.

The volume also supplies a significant amount of detail, which can be useful when building teaching resources or planning a longer series. It can help a teacher map themes across sections and keep a sense of the book’s internal coherence.

Limitations

The main limitation is theological posture. The commentary may handle the narrative as a community shaped product, and that can undercut the sense of Scripture as divine address. A Reformed reader will want to keep the canonical shape and the doctrine of Scripture firmly in view. There is also limited attention to Christ centred reading. The work is not aimed at Christian proclamation, so the preacher will need other resources for connecting Chronicles to the gospel and to the life of the church.

It is also an academic commentary and therefore not a fast weekly tool. It will be used best in preparation for careful teaching or when you need deeper help on structure and background.

How We Would Use It

We would use it to clarify narrative movement, spot recurring emphases, and check the handling of complex passages. We would keep our own exegesis primary, and we would not allow reconstructions to displace the final form reading. For preaching, we would pair it with a more explicitly theological commentary and with careful biblical theological work that keeps Christ and the covenant storyline in view.

Closing Recommendation

For advanced study, this is a strong academic resource on 2 Chronicles. It offers many helpful observations and can aid serious teaching preparation. Use with caution, and treat it as a supplement rather than a guide for proclamation.

1 Chronicles

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholarsUse with caution
5.7
Author: Leslie C. Allen
Bible Book: 1 Chronicles
Series: New Interpreter's Bible
Type: Academic
Publisher: Abingdon Press
Theological Perspective: Non-Evangelical / Critical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

This commentary approaches 1 Chronicles with a clear academic agenda, aiming to explain the shape of the Chronicler’s work and its theological intentions. It is attentive to literary structure, historical context, and the distinctive emphases of Chronicles when compared with parallel narratives. The approach is critical rather than confessional, but the volume can still be useful for serious readers who want to understand the book’s rhetoric and themes.

Strengths

A major strength is its help with orientation. Many readers find 1 Chronicles difficult, especially with genealogies and long blocks of temple and cultic material. The commentary gives substantial guidance on how these sections function, what they communicate, and how they contribute to the book’s vision of the people of God. It can help preachers avoid treating the opening chapters as mere background, instead seeing them as part of a deliberate theological argument.

The notes also offer sustained engagement with the Chronicler’s distinctive concerns, including worship, priesthood, kingship, and the identity of the post exile community. The commentary often highlights patterns and repeated phrases that signal what matters to the narrator. For advanced students, that kind of attention can sharpen reading habits. The volume also provides a wide range of interpretive discussion. Where there are debated issues, it often lays out options and helps the reader see what different conclusions would mean for understanding the book.

Finally, the treatment can serve as a reservoir of detail. If you are preparing a longer teaching series, or a special study on worship and community life, the commentary can provide lines of inquiry and points of contact for further work.

Limitations

The main limitation is that the method and theological instincts are not confessionally Reformed. At times, the commentary may prioritise reconstructive hypotheses and treat key theological claims as community shaped ideas rather than as divine revelation. That can flatten the book’s function as Scripture for the church. There is also limited help for preaching Christ from Chronicles. The commentary may describe themes, but it does not readily move toward gospel fulfilment or toward the church’s life in Christ.

Another limitation is density. It is an academic work and can be slow going. Pastors with limited weekly time will likely use it selectively, focusing on sections where they need more help with structure or background.

How We Would Use It

We would use this as a secondary aid, especially for the more complex parts of 1 Chronicles. It is helpful for clarifying the function of genealogies, the rationale of narrative selections, and the Chronicler’s emphasis on worship. We would keep Scripture primary, test proposals against the text, and use more pastoral resources to ensure we preach Christ faithfully from the book’s place in the canon.

Closing Recommendation

For advanced readers who want a substantial academic companion on 1 Chronicles, this is a useful supplement. It can help you read the book as purposeful literature with serious theological intent. Use with caution, and let it serve your exegesis rather than steer your doctrine.

2 Kings

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholarsUse with caution
5.7
Author: Choon-Leong Seow
Bible Book: 2 Kings
Series: New Interpreter's Bible
Type: Academic
Publisher: Abingdon Press
Theological Perspective: Non-Evangelical / Critical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

This treatment of 2 Kings provides an academically focused guide through a theologically weighty narrative. It is strongest when tracing literary patterns, setting the book in its wider interpretive history, and engaging major critical questions. The tone is scholarly rather than devotional, and the reader is expected to weigh arguments carefully. For advanced study, the volume can be a helpful companion, though it needs to be read with theological discernment.

Strengths

The commentary excels in helping the reader notice what the narrative is doing. It highlights repeated motifs, contrasts between kings, and the way prophetic voices frame the evaluation of royal power. It also pays attention to how judgement and hope are narrated, and that can help the reader avoid a simplistic moralising approach. Another strength is the scope of its engagement with secondary discussion. It often summarises options, points to key disputes, and explains why certain readings have been proposed. Even if you do not follow the critical framework, this can help you understand the landscape of modern interpretation.

There is also careful work at the level of detail. The notes regularly attend to wording, scene structure, and rhetorical emphasis. For students learning to move beyond surface level reading, that can be formative. In a long historical narrative, it is easy to lose the thread. The commentary often helps you see how units connect, where the narrative accelerates, and where it slows to make theological points. Used properly, that kind of guidance can support faithful exposition.

Limitations

The chief limitation is confessional distance. The commentary frequently operates within a critical mindset that treats the text as a layered product and may place more weight on reconstruction than on the final form as divine speech. Where such assumptions shape the reading, a Reformed preacher will need to pause and test the conclusions against the text itself and the wider biblical storyline. A second limitation is that the volume does not consistently serve proclamation. It can describe themes, but it does not naturally press toward Christ centred fulfilment or toward direct pastoral address.

Finally, it is not a quick read. The density of discussion and the breadth of issues can be demanding. Busy pastors may find it best used selectively, rather than as a primary weekly companion.

How We Would Use It

We would use this after we have done our own work in the passage. It is useful for checking structure, noticing narrative signals, and identifying interpretive questions that need attention before preaching. We would treat it as a conversation partner, not as an authority. In sermon preparation, we would pair it with a more explicitly theological and pastoral commentary, using that second resource to help move from the text to the gospel and to the life of the church.

Closing Recommendation

For advanced students, this is a substantial scholarly resource on 2 Kings. It offers real insight into the narrative shape and interpretive challenges of the book. Use with caution, read with your Bible open, and keep the aim of preaching in view as you sift what is most useful.

The Letter To The Galatians

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholars, Busy pastorsTop choice
8.8
Author: David A. deSilva
Bible Book: Galatians
Series: New International Commentary On The New Testament
Type: Academic
Publisher: Eerdmans
Theological Perspective: Broadly Evangelical
Resource Type: Commentary

Summary

We approach David A. deSilva’s commentary on Galatians in the New International Commentary on the New Testament with both seriousness and joy. This volume stands as a substantial scholarly work on Paul’s letter to the Galatians, showing careful attention to historical context, rhetorical structure, and theological depth. DeSilva engages the history, language, and argument of Paul’s message with a rich awareness of how the apostle’s words would have been heard by the first readers and how they still speak to Christians today. The extensive introduction prepares the reader with thoughtful treatment of authorship, date, audience, and purpose before moving into a close reading of the text itself.

The exposition is thorough and erudite, yet it does not lose sight of the pastoral heart of Galatians. DeSilva’s work is marked by careful interaction with secondary literature and by engagement with contemporary scholarly debate. We find his sustained focus on the rhetorical force of Paul’s argument particularly illuminating, as he guides us through Paul’s flow of thought and shows how the apostle crafts his defence of the gospel. This results in deep insight into the nature of faith, freedom, and life in Christ.

Why Should I Own This Commentary?

We should own this commentary if we desire a resource that bridges rigorous scholarship with pastoral sensitivity. DeSilva is neither content with superficial summary nor lost in academic obscurity. His work helps us wrestle with core theological issues such as law and grace, justification and freedom, while always returning us to Paul’s own frame of reference. Pastors and teachers will find rich material here for sermon preparation and for guiding congregations into a deeper understanding of Pauline theology.

Moreover, this volume is particularly valuable because it takes seriously the literary and rhetorical dimensions of the letter. Paul’s strategy of persuasion matters for how we interpret his message about gospel and community. DeSilva’s engagement with recent debates and his clear exposition of complex issues make this book a strong companion for anyone teaching or studying Galatians with depth.

The combination of careful exegesis, historical awareness, and theological reflection means we do not merely learn what Paul wrote. We begin to see why he wrote it, and how his words continue to challenge and shape Christian faithfulness today.

Closing Recommendation

We commend this commentary to pastors, students, and scholars who want a substantive, thoughtful, and theologically rich guide to Galatians. It is not a lightweight devotional commentary, but neither is it so technical that only specialists can benefit. It stands in the tradition of the NICNT in offering faithful, textually grounded exegesis that serves the church.

As pastoral next steps, we can visit the Bible Book Overview, browse Top Recommendations, and use the Reformed Commentary Index to build a wiser working library.

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Reformed Systematic Theology Volume 4: Church and Last Things

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholars, Busy pastors, Pastors-in-trainingTop choice
9.0
Author: Joel R. Beeke Paul M. Smalley
Series: Reformed Systematic Theology
Type: Academic
Publisher: Crossway
Theological Perspective: Reformed
Resource Type: Theology, Biblical or Systematic

Summary

Reformed Systematic Theology, Volume 4: Church and Last Things completes the four-volume set from Crossway, published in 2024. This volume spans 1360 pages and treats two major themes: the doctrine of the church (ecclesiology) and the doctrine of last things (eschatology). The authors trace what Scripture teaches about the nature, identity, authority, means of grace, mission and unity of the church; then they turn to death, resurrection, final judgment, eternal state, the new heavens and new earth, and related hope in Christ.

The work draws from historic Reformed and Puritan sources, patristic theology, and Scripture. Its structure combines doctrinal exposition, biblical reflection, and pastoral application so that theology, worship and life are held together. The volume aims to serve both the scholar and the minister, offering depth and clarity on matters that shape the church’s confession, worship and hope.

Why Should I Own This Resource?

For pastors, elders, teachers, or serious students wrestling with church identity, church order, or eschatological hope, this volume provides a comprehensive and biblically rooted framework. It offers clear, thorough teaching on ecclesiology, what the church is, and how it functions, helping avoid the common pitfalls of shallow ecclesiological thinking or eschatological speculation. It will aid sermon preparation, teaching on church doctrine, and pastoral care in light of hope and final things.

Additionally the book maintains theological seriousness without drifting into cold abstraction. The authors combine doctrinal precision with pastoral concern. As one moves through chapters, the exposition remains accessible in structure though rich in substance. For a church committed to the Reformed faith under Scripture, this volume gives firm doctrinal grounding and devotional direction, helping believers know who they are in Christ’s church and what hope awaits them.

Closing Recommendation

We conclude that Reformed Systematic Theology, Volume 4: Church and Last Things merits a place on the shelf of any pastor, theological student, or church teacher who seeks deep, scriptural, confessional, and practical wisdom on the church and final things. It brings confession, doctrine, and hope into harmonious focus.

We recommend this volume as a major resource for doctrinal formation, catechesis, sermon preparation, and long-term ministry under the Word and the church.

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Reformed Systematic Theology Volume 3: Spirit and Salvation

AdvancedAdvanced students / scholars, Busy pastors, Pastors-in-trainingTop choice
9.1
Author: Joel R. Beeke Paul M. Smalley
Series: Reformed Systematic Theology
Type: Academic
Publisher: Crossway
Theological Perspective: Reformed
Resource Type: Theology, Biblical or Systematic

Summary

Reformed Systematic Theology, Volume 3: Spirit and Salvation continues the authors’ substantial theological project by addressing the person and work of the Holy Spirit and the application of redemption. Published in 2021 and extending to 1184 pages, this volume explores the Spirit’s ministry in creation and new creation, and traces the Spirit’s role in conviction, regeneration, faith, union with Christ, sanctification and perseverance. The work then unfolds the richness of salvation from multiple biblical angles, giving sustained attention to the doctrines that anchor Christian assurance and holy living.

The authors aim to serve both church and academy, drawing deeply from Scripture, historic Reformed confessions and pastoral theology. They write with a concern for accuracy and clarity, but also with a devotional instinct that encourages the reader to move from theological precision to worship and obedience. The volume is therefore both intellectually weighty and spiritually enriching.

Why Should I Own This Resource?

This volume offers a careful and comprehensive treatment of the work of the Spirit and the application of redemption, two areas that often suffer from either neglect or distortion. By rooting every doctrine in Scripture and integrating the insights of the Reformed tradition, the authors give pastors and students a stable framework for preaching, teaching and pastoral care.

We value the way this volume resists abstraction. The doctrines of regeneration, faith, adoption, sanctification and perseverance are handled with theological depth, yet the authors never lose sight of the church’s need to understand these truths for everyday discipleship. The discussion of assurance and perseverance is especially helpful for pastoral ministry where care, clarity and biblical fidelity must work hand in hand.

Closing Recommendation

We believe Reformed Systematic Theology, Volume 3: Spirit and Salvation is a significant resource for pastors, teachers and thoughtful believers who want a trustworthy and comprehensive account of the Spirit’s work and the grace of salvation. It strengthens doctrine, steadies the heart and supports ministries that aim to lead God’s people toward maturity in Christ.

We gladly commend this volume as a worthy addition to any theological library that seeks both depth and pastoral usefulness.

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